computer basic knowledge

COMPUTER

Computer              =                      lax.kd

lax.kd                    =                   la $ x.kd

la                      =                  lHkh

x.kd                       =               x.kuk djuk

Fulform of computer

C      =    Calculate     x.kuk djuk]   Command       =   vkns’k nsuk]

O       =    Operating     pykuk]         Opreate           =   pykuk]

M       =    Memory       ;kn djuk]     Machine          =    ;a=@e’khu]

P       =    Print           Nkiuk]         Processer       =   Áfdz;k]

U       =    Update        lgh dk;Z djuk]     User               =    Á;ksxdjrk]

T        =    Tabulate     tksM+uk]     Technology     =   rduhdh]

E       =    Edit             vxzlj gksuk]    Electrical         =   fctyh]

R       =    Response    mRrj nsuk]      Research        =   [kkst djuk]

ü        Computer: - dEiqVj ,d ,slk bysDVªWkfud ;qDrh gS] tks lHkh izdkj dh x.kuk de le; dj nsrh gSS

ü        Computer :- Computer is on electronic deice which accept row data input by user than processing to data according to user requirements and finally generate a meaning full information by which by can take any decision.

dEI;qVj ,d ,slk bySDVªWkfud midj.k gS tks eSeksjh esa ekStwn funsZ’kksa ds vk/kkj ij vk/kkj dk;Z djrk gS ;g MkVk dks xzg.k djds mls r; fu;eks ds vk/kkj ij izfzd;k djds ifj.kke fudyrk gS rFkk mls Hkfo”; es bLrseky ds fy;s lqjf{kr (save) Hkh djrk gS

Components of Computer

Input- The data pad in to computer with the help of keyboard that is called input.

dksbZ Hkh MkVk ;k funsZ'k ftls dEI;wVj dh eSeksjh es Mkyrs gS mls buiqV dgrs gSk

Kinds of input Device

·           Keyboard

·           Mouse

·           Scanner

·           Touch scanner

·           Audio input

·           Web Camera

·           Digital Camera

·           Voice input

·           Video Conferencing.

·           Keyboard- blds vUnj keys¼oVu½yxh gksrh gS] tks dEi;qVj ds vUnj MkVk Mkyus ds dke vkrh gS] ,d keyboard ds vUnj 101ls108 rd keys gksrh gSA

ü        Esc Key:- blds }kjk fdlh Hkh command dks fujLr djrs gSaA

ü        Function keys (F1, F2, F3, F3,............F10, F11, F12):-;g keys function oukus ds dke vkrh gSA

ü        Symbol keys(!, @, #, ..............&, *, (, ),):-;g fpUg oukus ds dke vkrh gSA

ü        Arrows keys (       ):- ;g Cursar dks fu;fU-=r djus ds dke vkrh gSa

ü        Enter keys:-;g ogqr gh  important key gksrh gS k ;g typing djrs le; Cursar dks vxyh  line esa ykus ds dke vkrh gSA

ü        Space bar keys (                  ) :-;g Typing djrs le; [kkyh LFkku NksM+us ds dke vkrh  gSA

ü        Shift keys (   ): - ;g keyboard es nks rjQ  yxh gksrh gS ;g  Typing djrs le; kCnkas dks NksVk&cM+k djus ds dke vkrh gSA ;g function key rFkk Alfabate keys ds LkkFk dke djrh gSA

ü        Cops lock :-vxj ges lkjs ‘kCn Capital djrs gS cops lock nokus ls keyboard ds vUnj ,d ykbV ty tkrh gS vxj ykbZV ty jgh gS rks lHkh v{kj oM+s vk;sxsa vxj ykbZV oUn gS rks lHkh  v{kj  small vk;sxsaA ;g light Numbring key ds Åij tyrh gSA

ü        Back space bar key (     ): - ;g ihNs ds ‘kCnkas dks gVkus ds dke vkrh gS] vFkkZr Right side ls Left side ds ‘kCnksa dks ihNs gVkrh gSA

ü        Window key (   ): - ;g start menu dks [kksyus ds dke vkrh gS] ;g   Keyboard ds vUnj nks keys yxh gksrh gS] blds lkFk “D” nckus ls computer dks refresh dj ldrs gSaA

ü        Insert key :- blds }kjk nks dsjsDVj ds chp esa rhljk dSjsDVj insert djok ldrs gS

ü        Delete key: - ;g v{kjks dks gVkus ds dke vkrh gS] vkSj ;g left side ls Right side dks gVkrh gSA vFkok feVkrh gSA   

ü        Home key: - ;g curser dks line ds ‘’kq: esa ys tkrh gSA

ü        End key: - ;g curser dks line ds vUr esa ys tkrh gSA

ü        Page Up Key: - ;g Page wise Page curser dks igys ist ij ykrh gSA

ü        Page Down Key: - ;g Page wise Page curser dks vfUre ist ij ys tkrh gSA

ü        Num Lock: -  ;g Keyboord ds Right side dks Lock djus ds dke vkrk gSaA ftlls Number fy[ks tkrs gSaA     

ü        Numerical keys (0-9):-  blds nqkjk dEiq;Vj ds vUnj vad fy[ks tkrs gS] vFkkZr ;g ;g xf.krh; dk;Z djus ds dke vkrh gSA

Mouse

Mouse:- mouse ,d NksVk lk midj.k gSaA ;g screen ij fn, gq, pointer dks fu;fU=r djrk gSaA Mouse ds Åijh Hkkx esa nks cVu gksrs gSa ftUgsa Left & Right Side ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSaA nks cVuks ds chp esa ,d NksVk lk ifg;k gskrk gSaa tks cM+k ¼Zoom½ djus ds dke vkrk gSaA Mouse ds fupys Hkkx esa ,d NksVh lh Boll ;k ySUl yxh gksrh gSaaA tks Pointer dks moment ( ?kqekus)  dk  dk;Z djrh gSaA

ü   Scanner :- ;g ,d ,slh input deviece gS] tks fdlh fu”kku ;k dSjsDVj dks igpku dj mls dEI;wVj esa buiqV djrk gSA

ü   Touch Screen: - Touch Screen ds }kjk Ldzhu dks Nqdj dk;Z djrs gSaA

ü   Voice Input: - blds }kjk ge dEi;wVj ls tqMs+ lkmUM ls Attach Microphone esa cksydj Data dks Mky ldrs gSaA

ü    Audio Input: - blds }kjk ge dEi;wVj esa fdlh Hkh vkokt dks Mky ldrs gSaA

ü    Web Camera:- ;g NksVk lk dSejk gksrk gSA tks bUVjusV ij dk;Z djrs le; gekjh Picture ysus dk dk;Z djrk gSA

ü   Digital Camera: - ;g vf/kd QksVks xzfQd ds dke vkrk gSA

ü    Video Conferencing :-  blds }kjk ge nqfu;k¡ ds fdlh Hkh O;fDr ls ckrsa dj ldrs gSa] ftlds vUrxZr ml O;fDr dks gekjk vkSj gesa mldk psgjk Hkh fn[kkbZ nsxk gSA

Output

·           Output: - The result and information provided by a computer after processing output.

dksbZ Hkh tkudkjh tks dEI;qVj esa Mkyh tkrh gS] vkSj izfdz;k ds ckn Output esa cny tkrh gSA

Input                 Processing                  Output  

Output Device

ü   Monitor

ü   Speaker

ü   Printer

·           Monitor / Visul Display unit : - ;g System Unit ls tqM+k gksrk gS] dksbZ Hkh MkVk ftls ge dEI;qj esa Mkyrs gSa] Monitor mls fn[kkus dk dk;Z djrk gSA

Monitor dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

ü        Analog Monitor

ü        Digital Monitor

ü        L.C.D Monitor

·           Speakers: - dEI;qVj dh dksbZ Hkh vkokt dks Lihdj ls lqu ldrs gSaA

·           Printer:- dksbZ Hkh Qkby tks geus dEI;qVj esa fy[kh ;k cuk;h gS mldk Prinout fudkyus ds fy;s printer dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

Storage Device

ü        Floppy Disk Drive

ü        CD Rom

ü        Hardies

ü        CD Rom Drive

ü        DVD Rom Drive

dEI;wVj  dk ÁcU/ku

ftl Ádkj euq’; ik¡p rRoksa vkdk”k] ty] vfXu] ok;q] Hkwfe ls feydj cuk gS] vkSj buesa fdlh dk Hkh de ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] tSls fdlh dk;Z dks lgh Ádkj pykus ds fy;s lgh ÁcU/ku dh vko”;drk gksrh gS vkSj lgh ÁcU/ku ds fy;s lgh ÁcU/kdksa dh] dEI;wVj ds fy;s lkW¶Vos;j] gkMZos;j vkfn ÁcU/kd dk dk;Z djrs gSaA budk foLrkjiwoZd o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

1-     gkMZos;j     (Hardware)

2-     lkW¶Vos;j    (Software)

3-     QeZos;j     (Firmware)

4-     fLduos;j    (Skinware)

5-     ykboos;j    (Liveware)

v  gkMZos;j     (Hardware) %& Hard dk fgUnh esa vFkZ Bksl gSA vFkkZr dEI;wVj ds os Hkkx tks ns[ks tk ldrs gSa] Li”kZ fd;s tk ldrss gS os lHkh dEI;wVj ds gkMZos;j dgykrs gSaA os lHkh Hkkx tSls & dh&cksMZ] pqEcdh; fMLd] fÁaVj vkfn os lHkh dEI;wVj gkMZos;j gSaA

v  lkW¶Vos;j    (Software):- Software dEI;wVj esa viuh dksbZ cqf) ugha gksrhA dEI;wVj Á;ksxdrkZ }kjk fn;s x;s lans”k ds }kjk dk;Z djrk gS] tks dEI;wVj dks fu.kZ; ysus esa] ifj.kke ÁLrqr djus esa lgk;rk djrk gS] os lHkh Áksxzke lkW¶Vos;j dgykrs gSaA vFkkZr lkW¶Vos;j dks ns[k  ldrs gS] Nq ugha ldrs gS

v  QeZos;j (Firmware):-lkW¶Vos;j vkSj gkMZos;j dk feyk &tqyk :Ik gksrk gSA tSls& vkokt dks ns[k ugha ldrs gSa ge bls lkW¶Vos;j dh rjg le> ldrs gSaA vkSj dSlsV dks ge ns[k ldrs gSA bl Ádkj dSlsV dks gkMZos;j dh rjg le> ldrs gSaA ;fn dSlsV ij /ofu dks fjdkWMZ dj fn;k tk;s rks ;g fjdkWMsZM dSlsV gkMZos;j vkSj lkW¶Vos;j dk lfEefyr :Ik gks tk;sxk] ftls QEkZos;j dgk tkrk gSA

v  fLduos;j    (Skinware):- dEI;wVj ds os lHkh Hkkx] ftUgsa ns[kus ds fy;s dEI;wVj dks [kksyus dh vko”;drk ughsa gksrh] mls ^fLduos;j* dgrs gSA  tSls & ekWuhVj] ekml] dh&cksMZ vkfn fLduos;j ds mnkgj.k gSA

v  ykboos;j(Liveware):- ftu O;fDr;ksa dk lEcU/k dEI;wVj ls gksrk gS] os lHkh O;fDr ykboos;j dgykrs gSaA ykboos;j dks gkwesuos;j Hkh dgrs gSaA dEI;wVj Á;ksxdrkZ] fodzsrk] vkWijsVj] dEI;wVj fo|kFkhZ vkfn ykboos;j ds mnkgj.k gSaA

dEI;wVj ds Hkkx

·           System Unit: - ;g ,d ckWDl gksrk gS] ftlesa Electronic rRo gksrs gSa] ;g mUgsa uqdlku ls cpkrk gSA

·           Mother Board:- ;g dEI;wVj ds vUnj eq[; cksMZ gksrk gSA ftlesa dbZ rjg ds ‘kkWfdV yxs gksrs gSaA ftlls vU; cksMZ Hkh tksMs+ tk ldrs gSaA bu dbZ izdkj dh phi Hkh yxh gksrh gSaA

·           CPU (Center Processing Unit):- bls dEI;wVj dk fnekx Hkh dgk tkrk gSA dEI;qVj ls tqM+s T;knkrj midj.k blh ls tksM+s tkrs gSaA

·           RAM (Random Access Memory):- ;g dEI;wVj dh LihM c<+kus ds dk;Z djrh gSA tc dEI;wVj pkyw gksrk gS] rks dqN Operating files Ram esa gh jgrh gSaA dqN vU; izksxzke vkSj MkVk Hkh RAM esa yksM gks tkrs gSaA blfy;s Hkfo"; esa izksxzke dks bLrseky djus gsrq mUgsa save dj ysuk pkfg;sA

Kinds of the RAM

 64 MB                                   1 GB

128 MB                                  2 GB

256 MB                                  4 GB

512 MB                                 8 GB

Note: - MB Mega Byte, Gega Byte

·           ROM (Read Only Memory):- ROM fdlh izdkj dh Memory dks flQZ i<+ ldrk gSA ;g ml Memory dks Computer esa Mkyus ds dke vkrk gSA

·            Example: - CD Rom, DVD Rom, Floppy Rom, Etc.

·           Writer: - ;g fdlh Hkh izdkj Qkby dks lh-Mh ;k Mh-oh-Mh esa dkWih djus ds dke vkrk gSA

·           Hardisk:- bls dEI;qVj dh tku dg ldrs gSaA dEI;wVj esa tks Hkh MkVk Mkyk tkrk gS] cg lc Hardisk esa gh save jgrk gSA

·           Memory: - Computer esa eSeksjh dh fo’ks"k Hkqfedk gksrh gSA bleas cg MkVk tks dEI;wVj esa Store gksuk gS] vkSj tks igys ls save gksrk gSA nksuksa ekStwn gksrs gSaA

·           Fan:- ;g Mother Board eas lSV gksrk gSA vkSj Processor ds Åij yxk gksrk gSA ;g Processor dks B.Mk djus ds dke vkrk gSA

Kinds of the Computer

ü        Personal Computer :- bl dEI;wVj dks t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy;s Disine fd;k tkrk gSA bu esa de ls ,d Input Device, output Device, Storage Device, Memory and Processor gksrk gSA ?kjksa blh izdkj ds dEI;qVj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

ü        Laptop Computer :- bls Note Book Computer Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g NksVs vkdkj dk o de otu ckyk dEI;wVj gSA

ü        Super computer :- ;g cgqr ’kfDr’kkyh dEI;wVj gksrk gSA bldh Speed and Capacity lHkh dEI;qVjksa ls vPNh gksrh gSA

ü        Mini Computer :- ;g NksVs dEI;wVj gksrs gSaA ;g T;knkrj Office esa iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA

ü        Hand Help Computer:-;g dEI;qVj vklkuh ls gkFk esa vk tkrk gSA blh fy;s bls Hand Help Computer dgrs gSa A

Full Form

CPU                   Central Procession Unit

RAM                   Random Access Memory

ROM       `          Read Only Memory

DOS                    Disk Operating System

VDU                   Visual Display Unit

CU                     Control Unit

ALU                   Arithmetic Logical unit   

CD                     Compete Disk

HDD                   Hard Disk Drive

DCA                   Diploma in Computer Application

PC                      Personal Computer

MBS                   Mega Byte Store

IBM                    International Business Machine

MD                     Mark Directory

Del                     Delete

WWW                       word wide web

FD                      Floppy Disk

NOTEPAD

File           Edit        Format          Vies               Help

New              Undo            Word wrap              Status bar               help

Open           Cut               Font  

Save           Copy 

Save As             Past

Page setup      Delete

Print                   Find

Exit                   Replace

                    Go to

                   Select All

Time/Date

File (Alt+F)                               

ü        New (Ctrl+N):- bl dk iz;ksx u;h File cukus ds fy;s djrs gSA

ü        Open (Ctrl+O):- bldk iz;ksx cuh File dks [kksyus ds fy;s djrs gSaA

ü        Save (Ctrl+S):- bldk iz;ksx igys ls cuh file esa dk;Z djds save fd;k tkrk  Save As (Alt+F+A):- blds }kjk u;h QkbZy dks save fd;k tkrk gS] rFkk ,d file dks dbZ ukeksa ls save dj ldrs gSaA

ü        Page Setup (Alt+F+U):- bldh lgk;rk ls ge text page dks set djrs gSaA ftlesa ge ist dk size, ,Marge, Portrait vkSj Landscap dks set djrs gSaA

§            Left                                  Right

§            To                                    Bottom

ü        Print (Ctrl+P):- bldh lgk;rk ls fd;s dk;Z dk printer }kjk ist ij mldk print fudkyk tk ldrk gSA

ü        Exit (Alt+F+X/Alt+F4):- Exit ds }kjk fdlh Hkh izksxke @ lkWQVos;j ls ckgj vkus ds fy;s djrs gSaA

Edit (Alt+E)

ü        Undo (Ctrl+Z):- undo ds }kjk Cut, Delete gq;h text dks ckil ykus ds fy;s djrs gSaA  vFkkZr gq;h xyrh dks lq/kkjk tk ldrk gSA

ü        Cut (Ctrl+X):- blds }kjk uke] ‘kCn ;k fp= ds fdlh Hkkx dks Select djds mls Cut djrs gSa] Cut djus ls select fd;k gqvk Hkkx ist ls xk;o gks tkrk gSA

ü        Copy (Ctrl+C) :- blds }kjk Text] v{kj ;k fp= dks select djds Copy fd;k tk ldrk gSA Copy djus ij Slelect fd;s gqvk Hkkx ist ij jgrk gSA

ü        Past(Ctrl+V):- blds }kjk Cut, Copy fd;s gq;s Hkkx dks nksckjk izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA rFkk ,d ls vf/kd ckj Hkh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

ü        Delete (Del):- bldk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh Text dks Select djds mldks feVk;k tkrk gSA

ü        Find(Ctrl+F):-bldk Á;ksx fdlh v{kj ;k ’kCn dks [kkstus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

ü        Replace(Ctrl+H):-bldk Á;ksx fdlh v{kj ;k ’kCn dh txg nwljk v{kj ;k ’kCn fy[kus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

ü        Go to (Alt+F+G):- blds }kjk fdlh Hkh ykbu ;k ist ij tkrs gSaA

ü        Select all (Ctrl+A):-bldk Á;ksx fdlh All Documents dks select djus ds fy;s djrs gSA

ü        Time&date (F5):-bldk Á;ksx time ;k date ds fy;s djrs gSA

Format(Alt+O)

ü        Word wrap (Alt+O+W):- bldk Á;ksx typing djrs oDr curser dks next line es ykus ds fy;s djrs gSA ykbu dks iwjk gksrs gh dlZj Lo;a gh vxyh ykbu ij vk tkrh gSA

ü        Font (Alt+O+F):-bldk Á;ksx font, style ,oa size pquus ds fy;s djrs gSA

View (Alt+V)

ü        Status bar (Alt+V+S)-bldk Á;ksx status bar dks [kksyus ds fy;s djrs gSA

Help (Alt+H):- bldk Á;ksx lgk;rk ysus ds fy;s djrs gSA