part 6
Disk Oprating System (DOS)
डॉस DOS (डिस्क ऑपरेटिंग
सिस्टम) एक पुराना संगणक संचालन
प्रणाली है जो कि विण्डोज़ संचालन प्रणाली
के आने से पहले प्रचलन में था। बाद में इसको माइक्रोसॉफ्ट
ने खरीद लिया तथा इसका नामकरण ऍमऍस-डॉस किया।
DOS ij tkus dk rjhdk &
Run
ij command fy[kdj Enter nckrs gSaA vFkok
Start All Program Accessories Command Prompt
MkWl
vkWijsfVax flLVe ,d flLVe lkW¶Vos;j gksrk gSA tks dEI;wVj ds gkMZos;j vkSj
lkW¶Vos;j ds ohp lEcU/k LFkkfir dj gkMZos;j vkSj lkW¶Vos;j dks fu;af=r djrk gSA
MkWl dk eq[; dk;Z Qkbyksa dk ÁcU/ku ,oa Á;ksxdrkZ }kjk fn;s x;s vkns”kksa dk
ikyu djuk gSA
ikFkZ
ls rkRi;Z %&fdlh
Hkh Qkby dks ÁkIr djus ds fy;s Mªkbo dh ewy Mk;jsDVªh ,oa mldh mi&Mk;jsDVªh
esa tkus dh vko”;drk gksrh gS ftlesa Qkby lqjf{kr gSA bl Ádkj Qkby dk jkLrk
dEI;wVj dks crkuk Qkby dk ikFk Ánf”kZr djuk dgk tkrk gSA ÁR;sd Mk;jsDVªh dks
vyx djus ds fy;s Back Slash (\) dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls & C:\>Abrar\Ahmad
Mªkbo ,oa ewy Mk;jsDVªh & C:\
Mk;jsDVªh & Abrar
Mi&Mk;jsDVªh & Ahmad
Qkby ,oa Qkby ÁcU/ku
dEI;wVj esa MkVk Qkbyksa ds
:Ik esa laxzghr fd;k tkrk gSA fOkfHkUu Ádkj ds MkVk dks fofHkUu Ádkj dh Qkbyksa
esa j[kk tkrk gSA vusd Qkbyksa esa ls vius dke dh Qkby dks
,d Ádkj dh Qkbyksa dks ,d lkFk ,d
LFkku ij j[kk tkrk gSA bl ,d LFkku dks Mk;jsDVªh dgk tkrk gSA
bls ge bl Ádkj le>rs gS & ,d cgqeafty bekjr dh rqyuk
gekjs dEI;wVj ds laxzg.k ek/;e ls djsaA vc geus ,d Ádkj dh Qkbyksa ds fy, eku
yhft;s igyh
eafty fuf”pr dj nh ,oa nwljs Ádkj dh Qkbyksa ds fy;s nwljh
eaftyA blh Ádkj vU; Ádkj dh Qkbyksa ds fy;s vU; eaftyksa dks fuf”pr fd;k x;kA
bl cgqeaftyh bekjr dks dEI;wVj dh Hkk’kk esa fMLd dgk tk;s rks Hkwfery dks eq[;
Mk;jsDVªh (Root Directory) dgk tk;sxk vkSj ÁR;sd eafty dks Mk;jsDVªh (Directory) ;fn ,d eafty ij laxzghr dh x;h
Qkbyksa dks fofHkUu dejksa esa j[kk x;k gS rks bu dejksa dks mi&Mk;jsDVªh (Sub-Directory) dgk tk;sxkA bu dejksa dh fofHkUu vyekfj;ksa esa Hkh
Qkbyksa dks Hkh j[kk tkuk gS rks bu vyekfj;ksa dks mi&mi&Mk;jsDVªh (Sub-Sub-Directory)
dgk tk;sxkA
M .S DOS :- ,d
,slk Áksxzke gS] tks gekjs dEI;wVj ds lHkh Hkkxksa dh ns[kHkky djrk gSA ge
dh&cksMZ rFkk ekÅl ls dEI;wVj dks vkns”k nsrs gSa] rks mudks ,sls bySDVªksfud
ladsrksa esa cny nsrk gS ftls dEI;wVj le> lds blds lkFk gh ;g eq[; eSeksjh
fMLd ij Qkbyksa esa forj.k rFkk fMLd ij cps “ks’k fglkc j[krk gSA ;g Singal Oprating System gksrk gSA vxj vki Dos ij dke dj jgs gS] rks nwljs Áksxzke ij dk;Z ugh dj ldrs gSaA
ü CD.. :-bl Command dk Á;ksx ,d&,d djds Directory ls
ckgj vkus ds fy;s djrs gSaA
Example:- c:\USER\DELL>CD..
c:\USER>CD..
c:\>..
blds vkxs dks vkSj command
fy[k ldrs gSaA
ü MD :- bl Command
dk Á;ksx Directory cukus ds fy;s djrs gSA blesa MD dk
vFkZ gS fd Make
Direcotry
dk vkaf”kd uke ghs MD
gSA mi&Mk;jsDVªh cukrs le; foLrkfjr uke Á;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA
mi&Mk;jsDVªh ds uke dh yEckbZ vf/kdre vkB v{kj gksuh pkfg;sA ;fn gesa Abrar uke
dh mi&Mk;jsDVªh] ewy&Mk;jsDVªh esa cukuh gS] rks ge fuEu dek.M dk Á;ksx
djsasxsA ;gka ij C:\> ewy Mk;jsDVªh gSA
Example:- C:\>MD (Directory Name fy[krs gSA)tSls& C:\>MD (Abrar)
C:\>
ü CD :- bl Command dk Á;ksx Directory
ds vUnj tkus ds fy;s djrs gSaA CD dk vFkZ Change
Directory gSSA Lisl nsdj Mk;jsDVªh dk uke fy[krs gSa ftl
Mk;jsDVªh esa dk;Z djuk gSA
Example:- c:\>CD
}kjk cuh gq;h Directory dk Name fy[krs gSA
tSls& c:\>CD Abrar
c:\Abrar>
ü
DIR :-
bl Command dk Á;ksx lHkh Directory vkSj File
dks ns[kus ds fy;s djrs gSaA bl Command dks yxkrs gSa] rks lHkh Directory vkSj Files dh
List vk tkrh gSA
Example:- c:\>DIR
bl Ádkj c: Mªkbo dh ewy Mk;jsDVªh
esa fLFkr lHkh Qkbyksa ,oa mi&Mk;jsDVªh dh lwph Ldzhu ij Ánf”kZr gks tk,xhA
{Switch}
Ckgqr&lh MkWl dek.M ds lkFk
fLop dh lgk;rk Ánku dh x;h gSA ;fn ge MkWl ÁkEIV ij DIR
Vkbi djsa] vkSj ;fn Qkbyksa dh lwph cgqr yEoh gS]
rks T;knkrj Qkbysa Ldzhu ds Åij fudy tk;saxh vkSj vUr esa gesa flQZ dqN gh Qkbyksa
ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ÁkIr gks ldsxhaA bl leL;k ls fuiVus ds fy;s ge fLop /P dk Á;ksx DIR dek.M ds lkFk
dj ldrs gSaA bl fLop dk Á;ksx djus ls Ldzhu ij Ánf”kZr lwpuk;sa rc rd Ldzhu ds
Åij ugha fudysaxh tc rd Á;ksxdrkZ dksbZ key ugha nckrkA bl Ádkj ge Mk;jsDVªh esa fLFkr lHkh Qkbyksa ,oa
mi&Mk;jsDVªh dh lwpuk ÁkIr dj ldsaxsA dek.M ds lkFk cgqr ls fLop Á;ksx fd;s
tkrs gSa] ftudk vFkZ vyx&vyx gksrk gSA DIR dek.M ds lkFk fuEu fLop dk Á;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
/P :- Qkbyksa
,oa mi&Mk;jsDVªh dh lwph dEI;wVj Ldzhu ij Page-Wise Ánf”kZr djus ds fy;sA
/W :- Qkbyksa
,oa mi&Mk;jsDVªh dh lwph dEI;wVj Ldzhu ij Width-Wise Ánf”kZr djus ds fy;sA
/S :- orZeku
fMLd dh fØ;k”khy Mk;jsDVªh ,oa mldh lHkh mi&Mk;jsDVªh ,oa mudh lHkh Qkbyksa
dks dEI;wVj Ldzhu ij Ánf”kZr djus ds fy;sA
/B :- Qkbyksa
,oa mi&Mk;jsfDVª;ksa dk flQZ uke Ldzhu ij Ánf”kZr djus ds fy;sA
/L :- Qkbyksa
,oa mi&Mk;jsfDVªh;ksa ds uke vaxzsth o.kZekyk ds NksVs v{kjksa (a-z) esa ns[kus ds fy;sA
/A :- cny
fn;s x;s Attribute okyh Qkbyksa dks Ánf”kZr djus ds fy;sA bl fLop ds lkFk ge H (Hiddne) Qkbyksa
ds fy;s] R (Read Only) Qkbyksa ds fy;s] S (System) Qkbyksa ds fy;s Á;ksx djrs gSaA
ü CLS :-
bl Command dk Á;ksx LØhu dks lkQ djus ds fy;s djrs gSaA
Example:-
c:\>CLS
ü COPY CON :-
bl Command dk Á;ksx Qkby cukus ds fy;s djrs gSaA
Example:-
c:\>COPY CON Type File name tSls& c:\>COPY
CON Abrar
blds
ckn File dks fy[krs gSA fQj F6
;k Ctrl +Z ds }kjk
File dks
save djrs gSaAaa
ü TIME :- bl Command
dk Á;ksx le; ns[kus vkSj cnyus ds fy;s djrs gSaA
Example:- c:\>TIME
ü DATE :- :- bl Command dk Á;ksx fnukad ns[kuss vkSj
cnyus ds fy;s djrs gSaA
Example:- c:\>DATE
ü
VER
:- bl Command dk Á;ksx Window dk otZu ns[kus ds fy;s djrs gSaA
Example:- c:\>VER
ü
MEM
:- bl Command dk Á;ksx gkMªfMLd dh eSeksjh dk
otZu ns[kus ds fy;s djrs gSaA
Example:- c:\>MEM
ü VOL :- bl Command dk Á;ksx orZeku fØ;k”khy fMLd dk
okY;we yscy ,oa okY;we uEcj LØhu ij Ánf”kZr djus ds fy;s djrs gSaA
Example:- c:\>VOL
ü
Doskey :- bl Command
dk Á;ksx ;g ns[kus ds fy;s djrs gSa fd geus fdruh dek.M dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
Example:- c:\>doskey
F7 : Total Use command
F9 : Enter Commands No.
ü ATTRIB+H :- bl Command
dk Á;ksx fdlh QkbZy ;k Mk;jsDVªh dks Nqikus ds fy;s djrs gSaA
Example:- c:\>ATTRIB+H
File Name
ü ATTRIB-H :- bl Command dk Á;ksx fdlh Nqih gq;h QkbZy ;k
Mk;jsDVªh dks okil ykus ds fy;s djrs gSaA
Example:- c:\>ATTRIB-H
File Name
ü CD\ :-
bl Command
dk Á;ksx dbZ lkjh Directory ls ,d LkkFk ckgj fudkyus ds fy;s djrs gSaA
Example:- c:\USER \DELL>CD\
C:\>
ü TYPE :-
bl Command dk Á;ksx Copy Con djds cuk;h x;h Qkby esa fd;s x;s dk;Z dks ns[krs gSaA vFkkZr blds }kjk
QkbZy [kksyh tkrh gSA
Example:- c:\>TYPE
Type File name tSls& c:\>TYPE Abrar
vU; fMLd
Mªkbo es fLFkr Qkbyksa dks [kksyuk
;fn ge F Mªkbo dh
QkbZy dks Open djuk pkgrs gS rks loZÁFke MkWl ÁkEIV ij TYPE fy[kdj vkSj Lisl nsus ds ckn ml Mªkbo dk uke fy[krs gSa
blds ckn Qkby dk Ukke fy[kdj Enter
dh nckrs gSaA blls fdz;k”khy Mªkbo esa F Mªkbo dh QkbZy Open gks tkrh gSA
Example:- c:\>TYPE
F:\Abrar
vkSj ;fn fdlh Mªkbo dh ewy&Mªk;jsDVªh dh mi&Mªk;jsDVªh (Batch) esa QkbZy fLFkr gS rks ge [drive:][path] dk Á;ksx djsaxs &
Example:- c:\>TYPE
F:\Batch\AbrarAhmad
ü RD.. :-
bl Command dk Á;ksx MD Command }kjk cuk;h Directory
dks feVkus ;k [kRe djus ds fy;s djrs gSaA bldk
vFkZ Remove Directory gSSA
Example:- c:\>RD (Directory Name fy[krs gSaAa)tSls& c:\>RD
(Abrar)
c:\>
ü DEL
Example:- c:\>DEL
Type File name
tSls& c:\>
DEL Abrar
c:\>
ü
REN :- bl Command dk Á;ksx Directory rFkk File dk uke cnyus ds fy;s djrs gSaA rFkk bu Change
ukeksa dks DIR Command ds }kjk ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
Example:- c:\>REN
Old File name New File Name
ü COPY :-
bl Command ds }kjk fdlh Hkh Qkby esa fd;s x;s dk;Z dks nwljh Qkby esa fy;k tkrk gSA
vFkkZr u;h Qkby dks cuk ysrs gSaA
Example:- c:\>COPY
Old File name New File Name
ü EDIT :-
bl Command ds }kjk cM+h Qkby dks cuk;k tkrk gSA
Example:- c:\>EDIT
ü FC :-
bl Command ds }kjk nks Qkbyksa dh rqyuk dh tkrh gSA
Example:- c:\>FC
Ist File name IInd File Name
ü Print :-
bl Command ls fÁaVj ds }kjk fy[kh Qkby dk fÁaV fudkyk tkrk gSA blesa MkWl ÁkEIV
ij Print
fy[kdj ,d Lisl nsdj Qkby dk uke fy[krs gSaA bl Ádkj fy[kh Qkby dk fÁaV fudy
vkrk gSA
Example:- c:\>PRINT File name
fdlh vU; Mªkbo esa fLFkr Qkby dk fÁaV fudkyuk
;fn ge F Mªkbo esa fLFkr Qkby dk faÁaV fudkyuk pkgrs gSa] rks
blds fy;s MkWl ÁkEIV Ikj PRINT fy[kdj ,d
Lisl nsdj Mªkbo (F:\) ,oa
Qkby dk uke ¼tks Hkh gS½ fy[kdj Enter
Key nokrs gSaA blls fdz;k”khy Mªkbo ls vU; Mªkbo dh Qkby
dk fÁaV fudy vkrk gSA
Example:- c:\>PRINT F:\File name
ü EXIT :- bl Command
dk Á;ksx MkWl ls ckgj vkus ds fy;s djrs gSA
Example:- c:\>EXIT
orZeku fdz;k”khy Mªkbo dks
cnyuk
;fn ge orZeku fdz;k”khy Mªkbo dks cnyuk pkgrs gS rks ge MkWl ÁkEIV ij ml
Mªkbo dk uke fy[kdj fo”ks’k v{kj dkWyu ¼%½ dks yxkus ds ckn ENKter Key nckrs gSaaA bl Ádkj gekjh orZeku
fdz;k”khy Mªkbo cny tkrh gSA
Example:- c:\>D:
;fn gesa dEI;wVj esa yxh
fdlh vU; Mªkbo dh lwpuk;s ÁkIr djuh gS rks ml Mªkbo esa tk;s fcuk ge fuEu dek.M
}kjk lwpuk;sa Ldzhu ij Ánf”kZr djsaxsA
D Mªkbo dh
ewy Mk;jsDVªh esa fLFkr Qkbyksa ,oa mi&Mk;jsDVªh dh lwph Ldzhu ij Ánf”kZr
djus ds fy;sA
Example:- C:\>DIR
D:
okbYM dkMZ %& tc
gesa MkWl esa] Qkbyksa ,oa Mk;jsDVªh ds lewg ds lkFk dk;Z djuk gks rks ge okbYM
dkMZ dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA M.S DOS esa okbYM dkMZ nks Ádkj ds gksrs gS]
tks LVkj ‘*’ rFkk ‘Á”u fpUg’ ‘?’ gSaA
Á”u fpUg ‘?’ okbYM dkMZ dk Á;ksx
Á”u fpUg ‘? okbYM dk Á;ksx fdlh ,d v{kj] la[;k
vFkok fpUg dks pquus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk
gSA ;fn cuha gq;h nks Qkbyksa ds uke dh rqyiuk esa chp dk dksbZ Hkh v{kj vyx gS
rks ml v{kj dh txg ‘?’ dk Á;ksx djsaxsA
;fn
Á;ksxdrkZ cuha gq;h Qkbyksa Abrar vkSj Absar uke dh Qkbyksa dks ns[kuk pkgs rks cg nks funsZ”k ds
}kjk ns[kk tk ldrk gSAC:\>DIR Abrar
C:\>DIR Absar
Yksfdu okbYM dkMZ Á”u fpUg ‘?’ dh lgk;rk ls Á;kssxdrkZ flQZ ,d funsZ”k }kjk ,slk dj
ldrk gSA ;gka /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd Abrar ,oa Absar esa Qkby dk rhljk v{kj r vkSj s gh cnyk gqvk gS] vkSj ‘?’ dk Á;ksx fdlh Hkh ,d v{kj] fpUg] la[;k dks pquus ds
fy;s fad;k tkrk gSA blfy;s Qkby ds rhljs v{kj ds fy;s ge ‘?’ dk Á;ksx djsaxsA
C:\>DIR Ab?ar
bl Ádkj Abrar vkSj Absar Qkbyksa dh lwph Ldzhu ij Ánf”kZr gks
tk,xhALVkj ‘*’
okbYM dkMZ dk Á;ksx
tc gesa Qkbyksa es uke ds v{kjksa ds lewg ds lkFk dk;Z
djuk gks rks ge LVkj ‘*’
okbYM dkMZ dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA
ge funsZ”k esa okbYM dkMZ ‘?’ Á”u ds LFkku ij LVkj ‘*’ dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA rks
C:\>DIR Ab*ar
bl Ádkj Hkh Abrar vkSj Absar Qkbyksa dh lwph Ldzhu ij Ánf”kZr gks tk,xhA
Mk;jsDVªh lajpuk dks Ánf”kZr djuk
TREE
TREE
dek.M dk Á;ksx orZeku
Mk;jsDVªh ls mldh lHkh mi&Mk;jsDVªh dks ,d Graphical Format vFkkZr o`{k ,oa mldh “kk[kkvksa ds :Ik esa ns[kus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
dek.M orZeku fdz;k”khy Mk;jsDVªh dks o`{k ,oa mldh mi&Mk;jsDVªh dks “kk[kkvksa ds :Ik esa Á;ksx djrh gSA
TREE dek.M ds lkFk ge
fofHkUu fodYiksa (Witch)
dk Á;ksx dj ldrs gSa] tks fuEu Ádkj gS
%
/A % ;fn gesa Mk;jsDVªh lajpuk dks Graphical Formate ds LFkku ij Text Formate dk Á;ksx djrs gSaaA
/F %
;fn gesa Mk;jsDVªh lajpuk ds LkkFk&lkFk muds vUnj fLFkr Qkbyksa dks Hkh Graphical Formate esa Ánf”kZr djuk gks rks ge bl fodYi dk Á;ksx djsaxs
vU;
Mªkbo esa fLFkr Qkby dks orZeku fdz;k”khy Mªkbo esa dkWih djuk
;fn
ge D: Mªkbo esa
fLFkr lHkh Qkby dks C: Mªkbo esa
dkWih djuk pkgsa rks ge fuEu dEkk.M ds }kjk ,slk dj ldrs gSA
Example:- c:\>Copy
D:\*.* ;k c:\>Copy D:. vkSj ;fn C: esa fLFkr LkHkh Qkbyksa
dks D: Mªkbo esa
dkWih djuk gks] rks fuEu dek.M }kjk ,slk dj ldrs gSA
Example:- c:\>Copy *.* D: ;k
c:\>Copy .D:
ÁFke dEkk.M esa geus okbYM dkMZ ^LVkj* ¼*½ dk Á;ksx fd;k
gS] ,oa f}rh; dek.M esa geus MkWV (.) dk Á;ksx fd;k
gSA bldk rkRi;Z orZeku fdz;k”khy Mk;jsDVªh dh lHkh Qkbyksa ls gSA
,d ls vf/kd Qkbyksa dks vkil esa tksM+uk
;fn
ge ,d ls vf/kd Qkbyksa dks vkil esa fdlh vU; uke ls tksM+uk
Example:- c:\>Copy file1+file2+file3+file4 New file name
,
bl Ádkj LkHkh Qkbysa
tqM+ dj ,d u;h Qkby cu tkrh gSA
fdlh vU; Mªkbo esa
fLFkr Qkbyksa dks lekIr djuk
;fn ge orZeku
fdz;k”khy Mªk;jsDVªh C: Mªkbo dh ewy Mªk;jsDVªh esa gS vkSj fdlh vU; Mªkbo
dh ewy Mk;sDVªh (F) esa fLFkr fdlh Hkh Qkby dks feVkuk pkgrs gSa] rks
fuEu funsZ”k dk Á;ksx djrs gSA
Example:- c:\>DEL F:\Abrar
bl Ádkj F ewy Mk;jsVªh esa fLFkr Qkby (Abrar)
lekIr gks tk;sxhA
vkSj ;fn F Mªkbo dh ewy
Mk;jsDVªh esa fLFkr lHkh Qkbyksa dks lekIr djuk pkgrs gSA rks fuEu dek.M dk
Á;ksx djsaxsA
Example:- c:\>DEL F:\*.* ;k c:\>DEL F:.
ÁFke dek.M }kjk
Ldzhu ij fuEufyf[kr Confirm Message Ldzhu ij Ánf”kZr gksrk gSA
All
file (s) in directory will be deleted!
Are you sure (Y/N) ?
;fn ge ‘Y’ fodYi dk Á;ksx djrs gSa rks Mk;jsDVªh dh lHkh Qkbysa lekIr gks tk;saxh vkSj ;fn
ge ‘N’ fodYi dk Á;ksx
djrs gSa rks MkWl bl dek.M dks fujLr dj nsrk gS vkSj MkWl ÁkEIV Ldzhu ij
Ánf”kZr gksus yxrk gSA
nwljh dek.M
dk Á;ksx djrs gSa] rks F: Mªkbo dh ewy
Mk;jsDVªh esa fLFkr lHkh QkbZyksa dks og fcuk Confirmation dks lekIr dj nsxkA
;fn ge F Mªkbo esa fLFkr ewy&Mk;jsDVªh esa
fLFkr dqN QkbZyksa dks lekIr djuk pkgrs gSaA rks bl dek.M dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA
Example:- c:\>DEL F:./P
bl Ádkj ÁR;sd QkbZy dks
lekIr djus ls igys dek.M Á;ksxdRrkZ ls QkbZy dks lekIr djus ds fy;s iqNrk gSA
;fn ge ‘Y’ dk Á;ksx djrs gSa rks
Qkby lekIr] vkSj ;fn ‘N’ fodYi dk Á;skx djrs gSa rks og vxyh Qkby dks lekIr djus ds fy;s
,slk gh lans”k fQj ls Ldzhu ij Ánf”kZr djrk gSA
Qkby esa LVksj
lwpukvkssa dks ,d&,d ist ds :Ik esa Ldzhu ij n”kkZuk
Ckgqr lh Qkbyksa esa vf/kd lwpuk;sa LVksj gksrh gSa
rFkk TYPE dek.M }kjk lwpukvksa dks Ldzhu ij iznf”kZr djus ij
Qkby esa LVksj vUr dh dqN lwpuk;sa gh Ldzhu ij iznf”kZr gksrh gS vkSj igys dh
lwpuk;sa Ldzhu ds Åij fudy tkrh gSaA blls fuiVus ds fy;s ge TYPE ds LFkku ij MORE dek.M dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA bl
dek.M dk Á;ksx djus ds fy;s ge ,d fo”ks’k vkWijsVj < (Less Then) dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA
Example:- c:\>MORE
< File Name
bl Ádkj orZeku fdz;k”khy Mªkbo C: dh ewy Mªk;jsDVªh esa fLFkr Qkby dk dh LkHkh
lwpuk;sa Ldzhu ij ist&c&ist iznf”kZr gks tk;sasxhA
;fn ge fdlh vU; Mªkbo D: Mªkbo dh ewy&Mk;jsDVªh dh mi&Mk;jsDVªh Batch esa fLFkr Qkby dh lwpukvksa
dks Ldzhu ij iznf”kZr djuk pkgrs gSaA rks
Example:- c:\>MORE < D:\BATCH\File Name
Qkby dk LFkku cnyuk
vHkh rd geus COPY dek.M ds }kjk Qkby dks fdlh
vU; Mk;jsDVªh vFkok Mªkbo esa dkWih djk
blls ml Qkby dh izfrfyfi (COPY) nwljh Mªkbo esa gks tkrh gSA ysfdu ;fn ge copy dek.M ds LFkku ij Move dek.M dk Á;ksx djrs gSa rks
og Qkby ¼ewy Qkby] Áfrfyfi ugha½ fdlh vU; Mªkbo (D) esa LVksj gks tkrh gS] ftl Mªkbo dks ge fy[krs gSaA
Example:- c:\>MOVE FileName D:;fn ge C: dh ewy&MkjsDVªh esa fLFkr fdlh Hkh Qkby dks
mldh mi&Mªk;jsDVªh (WS) esa ewo djuk pkgrs gSaA
Example:- c:\>MOVE FileName C:\WS
Mk;jsDVªh dk uke cnyuk
;fn
gesa C: dh ewy
Mk;jsDVªh esa fLFkr mi&Mk;jsDVªh Abrar ls
cnydj Ahmad
j[kuk gS] rks blds fy;s ge MOVE dek.M
dk Á;ksx fuEukuqlkj dj ldrs gSaA
Example:- c:\>MOVE Abrar C:\Ahmad
bl Ádkj mi&Mk;jsDVªh Abrar dk uke cnydj Ahmad gks tk;sxkA
bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Abrar mi&Mk;jsDVªh dh lHkh Qkbysa Ahmad dh mi&Mk;jsDVªh esa igqap tk;sxhA
MkWl
ÁkEIV dks cnyuk
Ldzhu ij Ánf”kZr A:\> vFkok
C:\> MkWl ÁkWEIV Ánf”kZr gksrk gSA vkSj ;fn ge vius
dEI;wVj ds A: vFkok C: ds LFkku ij dksbZ Hkh Ukke *Rakesh* ;k v{kj dks fy[kuk pkgrs gSa rks bl MkWl ÁkWEIV ij
dek.M PROMPT
Vkbi djus ds ckn ,d Lisl nsus ds ckn og uke *Rakesh* ;k v{kj Vkbi djsaxsA
Example:- c:\>PROMPT RAKESH
RAKESH_
;fn ge RAKESH ÁkWEIV Ikj dk;Z djsaxs rks gesa Kkr ugha gks ik;sxk
fd ge fdl Mªkbo] Mk;jsDVªh ,oa mi&Mk;jsDVªh esa dk;Z dj jgs gSaA Mªkbo ,oa
ikFk dks Ánf”kZr djus ds fy;s PROMPT
dk Á;ksx djsaxsA ;gka ;g /;ku jgs fd gekjk orZeku ÁkWEIV RAKESH gSA
;gka
geus Prompt dek.M
ds LkkFk gksus okys fodYiksa dk Á;ksx fd;k gS] tks fuEu izdkj gS%&
$P :- orZeku Mªkbo
,oa orZeku fdz;k”khy Mk;jsDVªh rd dk IkkFk Ánf”kZr
djrk gSA
$G :- > fpUg Ánf”kZr djrk gSA
$I :- < fpUg Ánf”kZr djrk gSA
$Q :- = dk fpUg Ánf”kZr djrk gSA
$$ :- $ dk fpUg Ánf”kZr djrk gSA
$T :- orZeku le; ÁkWEIV ij Ánf”kZr
djrk gSA
$D :- orZeku fnukad ÁkWEIV ij
Ánf”kZr djrk gSA
$V :- MkWl esa Á;qDr otZu ÁkWEIV
ij Ánf”kZr djrk gSA
$N :- orZeku
Mªkbo dks Ánf”kZr djrk gSA
$W :- ;g [kkyh Lisl dks iznf”kZr
djrk gSA
ge ,d ÁkWEIV dek.M esa ,d ls T;knk fddYiksa dk Á;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
;fn ge ÁkWEIV ds LFkku ij ,d
gh ckj esa le;] Rakesh ,oa
ckn esa =
dk fPkUg Ánf”kZr djuk pkgrs gSa rks blds fy;s Frompt dek.M dk Á;ksx fuEu fyf[kr rjhds ls djsaxsA blls
orZeku dEI;wVj esa lSV le;] uke vkSj =
dk fpUg LØhu ij Ánf”kZr gksus yxrk gSA bl ij fdlh Hkh dek.M dk Á;ksx fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
Example:- c:\>PROMPT $T RAKESH
$Q
09:50:45,00
RAKESH =
;fn ge ÁkWEIV ds LFkku dks
iwoZ dh Hkkafr vFkkZr C:\> vFkok F:\> esa cnyuk pkgrs gSa rks blds fy;s PROMPT dek.M dk Á;ksx fuEufyf[kr rjhds ls djsaxsA
Example:- 09:50:45,00
RAKESH = PROMPT
$P$G
c:\>
Á;ksxdrkZ }kjk dek.M nsus ij MkWl }kjk LØhu Ikj
Ánf”kZr gksus okys =qfV lans”k
1-
Bad command or file name
Tkc ge dksbZ dek.M nsrs gS
rks dEI;wVj dk;Z ugha djrk vkSj gekjs }kjk nh x;h dek.M dh vxyh iafDr esa
mijksDr lans”k Ánf”kZr djrk gSA bl lans”k dk rkRi;Z gS fd gekjs }kjk nh x;h
dek.M lgh ugha A
blds fy;s Á;ksxdrkZ dks
loZÁFke dek.M dh Lisfyax pSd djuh pkfg;sA ;fn og lgh gS rks ;g lqfuf”pr djsa fd
dek.M dks lgh Mk;jsDVªh esa pyk;k tk jgk gS ;k ughaA
2. All Files Will be deleted
Are
You sure (Y/N) ?
Tkc Á;ksxdrkZ DEL dek.M ds lkFk *.*
okbYM dkMZ dk Á;ksx djrk gS rks mijksDr lans”k LØhu ij Ánf”kZr gksrk gSA bldk
rkRi;Z ;g gS fd vki Mk;jsDVªh esa mifLFkr lHkh Qkbyksa dks lekIr djuk pkgrs gSa
rks Á”u fpUg ds vkxs Y Vkbi Enter dh
^dh* dks nckrs gSa vkSj gekjs }kjk ;g dek.M xyrh ls pyk;h x;h gS rks ge Á”u
fpUg ds vkxs N
Vkbi dj Enter dh
^dh* dks nckrs gSaA
3. File not found\
MkWl }kjk Ánf”kZr bl lans”k
dk rkRi;Z gS fd ftl Qkby ij dk;Z djuk pkgrs gSa] tks MkWl dek.M esa n”kkZ;h x;h
Mk;jsDVªh vFkok orZeku Mk;jsDVªh esa
miYkC./k ugha gSA blds fy;s Qkby ds uke dh Lisfyax ,oa dek.M esa n”kkZ;h x;h
Mk;jsDVªh dk uke pSd djsaA
4. Too many Parameters
dek.M ds ckn ge ,d Lisl
NksM+dj gh dksbZ MkWl dek.M ds fy;s vko”;d lans”k dks Vkbi djrs gSaA vFkkZr
dek.M dks ge dbZ fgLlksa esa ckaVrs gSaA bl
lans”k dk rkRi;Z gS fd ;k rks ,d ls T;knk Lisl NksM+ fn;s gSa
;k fQj gekjs tksM+s x;s fgLls xyr gSA
5. Path not found
bl lans”k dk rkRi;Z gS fd
gekjs }kjk fns x;s ikFk esa dqN xyrh gSA blds fy;s Mk;jsfDVª;ksa dh Lisfyax pSd
djsa rFkk ikFk esa Á;ksx cSdLysd (\) dk Á;ksx lgh Ádkjsa A
6. File cannot be copied to itself
bl lans”k dk rkRi;Z gS fd
gekjs }kjk nh x;h COPY
dek.M esa geus fdlh Qkby dk uke Á;ksx ugha fd;k gSA ;k fQj ge Qkby dks tgka
dkWih djuk pkgrs gSa og ikFk gekjs }kjk dek.M esa fufnZ’V ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
7. Not ready reading drive D
Abort, Retry, Fail ?
MkWl }kjk LØhu ij Ánf”kZr bl
lans”k dk rkRi;Z gS fd gekjs }kjk D Mªkbo dk “kVj cUn ugha fd;k x;k gSA blds fy;s Mªkbo
dk “kVj cUn dj R Vkbi
dj Enter
dh ^dh* dks nok;saA bl lans”k esa rhu fodYi Ánf”kZr gksrs gSaaA ;fn ge fdlh vU;
Mªkbo esa tkuk pkgrs gSa rks F dk
Á;ksx djrs gSaA ;fn ge MkWl ÁkWEIV ij okfil vkuk pkgrs gSa rks A dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA ;fn ge iwoZ MkWl dek.M dks
nksckjk dk;kZfUor djuk pkgrs gSa rks R dk Á;ksx djrss gSaA
8. General failure reading drive D
Abort, Retry, Fail ?
bl lans”k dk rkRi;Z gS fd
gekjs }kjk D Mªkbo
esa Á;ksx dh x;h fMLd dks MkWl i<+us esa vleFkZ gSA blds fuEufyf[kr dkj.k
gks ldrs gSaA
¼v½ ;k rks fMLd QkWjesV ugha gSa A
¼c½ ;k rks fMLd [kjkc gSA
¼l½ ;k rks Low
Denisty Floppy
Mªkbo esa High Density Floppy Á;ksx dh tk jgh gSA
blds fy;s gesa Á”u fpUg ds
vkxs A,R,F esa fdLkh ,d fodYi dks pquuk gksxkA loZÁFke ge A
fodYi dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA ;fn bl Ádkj Hkh ge MkWl ÁkWEIV ij okfil uk vk, rks ge F fodYi dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA bl fodYi ds Á;ksx djus ij
fuEufyf[kr lans”k LØhu ij Ánf”kZr gksrk gSA
current drive is no longer valid>
bl Ádkj ge Greater
Than (>) fPkUg ds vkxs ml Mªkbo dk uke
Vkbi djsaxs ftl Mªkbo esa gesa okfil tkuk gSA ;gka ij ge C Vkbi dj Enter dh ^dh* dks nckrs gSaA bl Ádkj ge C Mªkbo ij okil vk tk;saxsA
9. Write Protect error writing drive D
Abort, Retry, Fail ?
bl lans”k ds LØhu ij Ánf”kZr
gksus dk rkRi;Z gS fd gekjs }kjk Tkks D Mªkbo esa Á;ksx dh tk jgh gS mlesa jkbV&ÁksVsDV
yxk gqvkA vr% ge bl Mªkbo esa dqN Hkh fy[k ugha ldrs gSaA
10. Duplicate File name or file not found
bl lans”k dk rkRi;Z gS fd gekjs }kjk Á;ksx fd tk jgh REN ;k RENAME
dek.M esa tks Qkby uke Á;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS og Qkby uke Mk;jsDVªh esa igys ls
gh mifLFkr gS ;k fQj ftl Qkby dk uke cnyuk gS mls Vkbi dj fn;k gSA blds fy;s
dek.M esa Á;ksx Qkby uke dh Lisfyax pSd djsaA
11. Invalid drive specification
bl lans”k dk rkRi;Z gS fd
gekjs }kjk MkWl dek.M esa Á;ksx fd x;h Mªkbo dk uke xyr gSA blds fy;s Mªkbo dk
uke pSd djsa rFkk ;g ns[ksa fd D;k Mªkbo ds uke ds vkxs dksyu (:)Á;ksx fd;s x;s gSA dksyu dk Á;ksx Mªkbo ds uke vkxs
djuk vko”;d gksrk gSA
12. Invalid parameter of Invaild switch
bl lans”k dk rkRi;Z gS fd
gekjs }kjk MkWl dek.M esa Á;ksx fodYi (switch) lgh Ádkj Á;ksx ugha fd;s tk jgs vFkok tks fodYi
Á;ksx fd;s tk jgs gSa] og bl dek.M ls lEcfU/kr ugha gSA
13. Insufficient disk space
bl lans”k dk rkRi;Z gS fd
gekjs }kjk Á;ksx Target
fMLd esa bruh txg [kkyh ugha gS fd mlesa] dek.M esa Á;ksx Qkby dks dkWih fd;k
tk ldsA
14. Non-system disk or disk error
;g lans”k dEI;wVj ds cwfVax
ds le; Ánf”kZr gksrk gSA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd gekjs }kjk Á;ksx dh tk jgh fMLd esa IO.MSDOS.SYS,
COMMAND.COM Qkby ugha gSA vf/kdrj ge C fMLd Mªkbo ls
dEI;wVj dks cwV djr gSa vkSj
;fn ¶ykWih Mªkbo esa cwVscy fMLd ds vfrfjDr dksbZ vU; ¶ykWih yxh gksrh gS rks
mijksDr lans”k LØhu ij Ánf”kZr gksrk gSA blds fy;s ¶ykWih Mªkbo ls ¶ykWih fMLd
dks fudkydj dqath&iVy ij fLFkr fdlh Hkh ^dh* dks nckus ls dEI;wVj cwV gks
tkrk gSA
;fn
dEI;wj }kjk fdlh dek.M dk mRrj uk
dbZ ckj ,slh fLFkfr vkrh gS fd gekjs }kjk MkWl ÁkWEIV ij dek.M
fn;s tkus ds ckn dEI;wVj dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha djrk A ,slk gksus Ikj Ctrl ^dh* ds LkkFk C ^dh*
dks nck;saA ;fn rc Hkh MkWl ÁkWEIV LØhu ij Ánf”kZr uk gks rks dEI;wVj dks Ctrl+Alt+Del ^dh* dks ,d LkkFk nck dj cwV djsaA ;fn fQj Hkh
dEI;wVj dk;Z ugha djrk gS rks dEI;wVj lh-ih-;w- ij fLFkr RESET dk cVu nck;saA bl Ádkj dEI;wVj nksckjk cwV gks tk;sxkA
vkSj ;fn vkids dEI;wVj esa ;g cVu miYkC/k ugha gS rks dEI;wVj dk esu fLop can
djds dEI;wVj dks nksckjk [kksysaA
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